Statket - Hearing aids. Explore award-winning technology and other innovative solutions. Explore hearing aids. 2024 BIG Excellence in Customer Service Award Winner. 2024 Winner. CES Innovation Award Honoree, Genesis AI. 2024 Winner. TWICE VIP Winner for Aging-in-Place Technology, Genesis AI. 2023 Winner.

 
See Answer. Question: In this exercise, test Ho : p=0.5 vs He:p> 0.5, with = 0.55 for different sample sizes. In parts (a)- (c), use StatKey or other technology to find the p-value Click here to access Statkey. (a)p 55 100 0.55 Round your answer to two decimal places. p-value Are the results significant at the 5% level? (b) 275 = 0.55 500 Round .... Lax to maui

Add up all the data values then divide by the number of data values. The only difference between the population and the sample is the symbol used to express the mean; μ and x respectively. Population. μ = ∑n i=1xi n = x1 +x2 +x3 + ⋯ + xn n μ = ∑ i = 1 n x i n = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ⋯ + x n n. Sample.StatKey is used to construct a bootstrap distribution for the difference in two means. The "Exercise Hours (Male - Female)" dataset that is built in to StatK...Question: Who Eats More Fiber: Males or Females? Use technology and the NutritionStudy dataset to find a 95 % confidence interval for the difference in number of grams of fiber (Fiber) eaten in a day between males and females. Click here for the dataset associated with this question. Click here to access Statkey.Using Statkey, find the p-value based on a standard normal distribution for each of the following standardized test statistics. Please use two decimal places for your final answer. a. Z =0.79 for a right tail test for a difference in two proportions b. z =−2.30 for a left tail test c. z =2.33 for a two-tailed test d. z =−1.13 for a left ...State the null and alternative hypotheses for the statistical test regarding the difference in mean time spent exercising between males and females. Answer: Plzzzzzzzzz …. More Examples: Playing with Statkey: In each case, state the hypotheses, use StatKey to generate the randomization distribution (data is built into Statkey), and find the p ...This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer See Answer See Answer done loadingHearing aids. Explore award-winning technology and other innovative solutions. Explore hearing aids. 2024 BIG Excellence in Customer Service Award Winner. 2024 Winner. CES Innovation Award Honoree, Genesis AI. 2024 Winner. TWICE VIP Winner for Aging-in-Place Technology, Genesis AI. 2023 Winner.Statistics and Probability questions and answers. Use StatKey or other technology to find the correlation for the following data. x 3 6 1 7 9 Y 2 3 2.5 4 3.5 Click here to access StatKey. Round your answer to three decimal places. The correlation is r = Save for Later Attempts: 1 of 4 used Submit Answer.Computers may be configured to automatically install the StatKey App when a user opens Google Chrome. Windows Create a registry key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Google\\Chrome\\ExtensionInstallForceList Create a new string value. If there are no string values present in the key, name theState the null and alternative hypotheses for the statistical test regarding the difference in mean time spent exercising between males and females. Answer: Plzzzzzzzzz …. More Examples: Playing with Statkey: In each case, state the hypotheses, use StatKey to generate the randomization distribution (data is built into Statkey), and find the p ...Use StatKey to generate a randomization distribution for these hypotheses. Use the data set 'ICU Admissions' available on StatKey. What is the p-value? 0.211. Which two of the options below are correct interpretations of the p-value (insert your calculated p-value from (3) in the blank):Structured comparisons of many statistical methods. Bring structure into the chaos with our overview tables of statistical methods and their properties. Compare different methods with one another property by property and learn about their differences and similarities. Go to our comparison tool... Selection Tool.StatKey Sampling Distribution for a Mean Show Data Table Edit Data Upload File Change Column(s) Choose samples of size n = Reset Plot Sampling Dotplot of Mean Data Plots; …JSE STATKET TO PERFORM HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR THE PROBLEMS 4-6. 4. A study was conducted to determine if the proportion of births by cesarean section is no longer 0.16. They found that 86 out of 265 births were by cesarean section. 5. To determine if business school students have an SAT score above 110, study of business students found their ... Randomization Dotplot ofp̂1 — p̂2Null Hypothesis: p1 = p2. skip diagram. First Edition (2013) as a pdf file. Second Edition (2017) as a pdf file. Third Edition (2021) as a pdf file.Add up all the data values then divide by the number of data values. The only difference between the population and the sample is the symbol used to express the mean; μ and x respectively. Population. μ = ∑n i=1xi n = x1 +x2 +x3 + ⋯ + xn n μ = ∑ i = 1 n x i n = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ⋯ + x n n. Sample.The average (mean) pulse obtained by summing over the 362 pulses and dividing by 362 is 69.6. A typical scatter (standard deviation) of an individual pulse away from the average is 12.2 beats/min. Possible graphical summaries for continuous variables include: dot plot, histogram, box plot.For the first part of the problem using bootstrap, the critical level (alpha) needs to be determined from 1 minus the confidence level, which is 1-0.95, resulting in an alpha value of 0.05.Step 3. Launch StatKey. From the main menu, under “Descriptive Statistics and Graphs”, choose. Click on the tab at top, Edit Data One Quantitative or One Categorical. Delete the data that StatKey has supplied (so that you can insert yours here!) Paste your Excel Data (cntrl-V) and edit the data header.Datasets - First Edition. Click here to get datasets for the second edition. Click here to get datasets for the third edition. Click on a format link to download the data. Dataname. Minitab. Fathom. Excel. Ascii.Welcome to StatKey Help! This is the landing page for the Statkey Help website. Here you can learn all the latest and greatest things about StatKey! NEW in 2016! Most StatKey procedures now have an "Upload File" tab where you can upload your own data from a .csv or .txt file. The data will persist while in the StatKey session and you can use ...The R Project for Statistical Computing Getting Started. R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.StatKey. =======. Get the status of a git repo with a one key command: c d / m y g i t r e p o s. On branch master. Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'. nothing to commit, working directory clean. Or a mercurial repo, and it will show a diff for either type of repo if it is < 80 lines: c d / m y m e r c u r i a l r e p o s.The Ultimate Statistics Resource. Covering the fundamentals and applications of statistics in all fields where it is widely used, Wiley StatsRef is the ideal reference for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers of statistics, and experienced researchers. Learn More.About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...StatKey Descriptive Statistics for Two Categorical Variables Show Data Table Edit Data Upload File Change Column(s) Counts Table Switch Variables. Proportions ...State the null and alternative hypotheses for the statistical test regarding the difference in mean time spent exercising between males and females. Answer: Plzzzzzzzzz …. More Examples: Playing with Statkey: In each case, state the hypotheses, use StatKey to generate the randomization distribution (data is built into Statkey), and find the p ...The following pages include examples of using StatKey to construct sampling distributions for one mean and one proportion. 4.1.1.1 - NFL Salaries (One Mean) In this video a sampling distribution is constructed using the "NFL Contracts (2015 in Millions)" dataset that is buil into the sampling distribution for a mean feature in StatKey. This dataset includes the salaries of all 2,099 NFL ...Only Minitab offers a unique, integrated approach by providing software and services that drive business excellence from anywhere with the cloud. Key statistical tests include t tests, one and two proportions, normality test, chi-square, and equivalence tests. Access new levels of productivity and collaboration, whether you are using Minitab on ...Quick P -Value Calculators. This is a set of very simple calculators that generate p-values from various test scores (i.e., t test, chi-square, etc). P-value from Z score. P-value from t score. P-value from chi-square score. P-value from F -ratio score. P-value from Pearson (r) score. P-value from Tukey q (studentized range distribution) score. If the majority of all students own a dog, then more than 50% own a dog. In this question we are comparing the population proportion for all World Campus STAT 200 students (i.e. p) to the value of 0.5. This is a single sampling proportion test. We want to know if the proportion is greater than 0.5, so this is a right-tailed test. Eric F. Lock is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health. He received his Ph.D in Statistics from the University of North Carolina in 2012, and spent two years doing a post doc in statistical genetics at Duke University. He taught multiple introductory statistics courses, ranging from very ...Statkey will generally ask for the quantitative variable first and the categorical variable second if you are in a page that uses both types of variables. To change variables within the same data set you have uploaded, you do not have to start the upload process over. Just click on Change columns to bring this dialog box back up. Show Data Table Edit Data Upload File Change Column(s) Choose samples of size n = Add up all the data values then divide by the number of data values. The only difference between the population and the sample is the symbol used to express the mean; μ and x respectively. Population. μ = ∑n i=1xi n = x1 +x2 +x3 + ⋯ + xn n μ = ∑ i = 1 n x i n = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ⋯ + x n n. Sample.Invited paper "StatKey: Online Tools for Bootstrap Intervals and Randomization Tests" (Kari) MAA Allegheny Mountain Section - Westminster College (April 2014) Download: Invited talk "Statistical Inference Using Bootstraps and Scrambles" (Robin) Joint Mathematics Meetings - Baltimore, MD (January 2014) DownloadClustered observations (nested design) You have a continuous response variable but which is clustered, a linear mixed-effects model (lme) is probably what you are looking for. Example: You have done an experiment where you wanted to test the effect of two different feed types on weight gain in Salmo salar.Weight gain is measured as the individual difference in weight from initiation till ...StatKey is a great app for analyzing data. For analyzing a single data set, select the One Quantitative Variable option. Then select Edit Data. Delete the data there, type a title for your data set, and paste your data in. The title and each number in your data list should be on a new line, no commas. Uncheck the option for First column is ...Companion Materials for: First Edition (2013) Follow this link for more information at the Wiley site.. Second Edition (2017) Follow this link for more information at the Wiley site: Third Edition (2021) Follow this link for more information at the Wiley site... or contact Katherine Bates at Wiley.. Find an interactive unit from the text and more information about the approach at the Wiley ...In parts (a)-(c), use StatKey or other technology to find the p-value. Click here to access StatKey. 55 (a) p = 0.55 100 %3D Round your answer to two decimal places. p-value = i Are the results significant at the 5% level? 275 (b) p = = 0.55 %3D 500 Round your answer to three decimal places.Statkey will generally ask for the quantitative variable first and the categorical variable second if you are in a page that uses both types of variables. To change variables within the same data set you have uploaded, you do not have to start the upload process over. Just click on Change columns to bring this dialog box back up. Brief Introduction to StatKey, a free online statistical analysis tool along with a demonstration of how to get data into StatKey. Learn how to import data i... Advanced Math questions and answers. In this exercise, test Ho:p = 0.5 vs Ha:p > 0.5, with p = 0.58 for different sample sizes. In parts (a) and (b), use Statkey or other technology to find the p-value. Click here to access StatKey. 29 (a) p = = 0.58 50 Round your answer to two decimal places. p-value = i Are the results significant at the 5% ...Step 1. Automobile Depreciation For a random sample of 20 automobile models, we record the value of the model as a new car and the value after the car has been purchased and driven 10 miles. The difference between these two is a measure of the depreciation on the car just by driving it off the lot. Depreciation values from our sample of 20 ...This lesson corresponds to Sections 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 in the Lock 5 textbook. Hypothesis tests use data from a sample to make an inference about the value of a population parameter. In this lesson we will be conducting hypothesis tests with the following parameters: Population Parameter. Sample Statistic.Link to StatKey's interactive normal distribution: http://www.lock5stat.com/StatKey/theoretical_distribution/theoretical_distribution.html#normalSign in with your email address. Reset / Forgot your password? Keep me signed in. Bootstrap Confidence Interval for a Difference in Proportions. Generate 1 Sample. Generate 1000 Samples. Reset Plot. Early years. The daughter of actress Glenn Close and businessman John Starke, she was raised in Bedford, New York. Starke attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, studying the history of art.. Career. Starke appeared in the films Albert Nobbs, We Don’t Belong Here, and in The Wife as a younger version of Joan Castleman, the character …4.3.2 - Example: Bootstrap Distribution for Difference in Mean Exercise. This video uses a dataset built into StatKey to demonstrate the construction of a bootstrap distribution for the difference in two groups' means.StatKey has a range of tools for most statistical test. These are accompanied by video tutorials and presentations by the Lock family. Datasets (US) are embedded or …StatKey: StatKey help: Videos: Presentations: Other Resources: Robin H. Lock is Professor of Statistics in the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics at St. Lawrence University. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, past Chair of the Joint MAA-ASA Committee on Teaching Statistics, a member of the committee ...6.2 - Significance Levels. As we saw in the examples on the previous page, the consequences of Type I and Type II errors vary depending on the situation. Researchers take into account the consequences of each when they are setting their α level before data are even collected. In many disciplines an α level of 0.05 is standard, for example in ... 4.1.1 - StatKey Examples. The process of constructing a sampling distribution from a known population is the same for all types of parameters (i.e., one group proportion, one group mean, difference in two proportions, difference in two means, simple linear regression slope, and correlation). In each case we take a simple random sample of \ (n ... An Introduction to Statistics class in Davies County, KY conducted a hypothesis test at the local high school (a medium sized–approximately 1,200 students–small city demographic) to determine if the local high school’s percentage was lower. One hundred fifty students were chosen at random and surveyed.Statkey will generally ask for the quantitative variable first and the categorical variable second if you are in a page that uses both types of variables. To change variables within the same data set you have uploaded, you do not have to start the upload process over. Just click on Change columns to bring this dialog box back up.3.4 - Two Quantitative Variables. Later in the course, we will devote an entire lesson to analyzing two quantitative variables. In this lesson, you will be introduced to scatterplots, correlation, and simple linear regression. A scatterplot is a graph used to display data concerning two quantitative variables.SE = 4.696. Assume the sample is a random sample from a distribution that is reasonably normally distributed and we are doing inference for a sample mean. Find endpoints of a t-distribution with 1% beyond them in each tail if the sample has size n=16. Round your answer to three decimal places. Endpoints = +/- 2.602.This tutorial shows you how to calculate p-values for normal-based hypothesis tests in StatKey.The Thrive app gives the user full control over their Bluetooth hearing aids using their smartphone. Like a TV remote, it lets people adjust volume, switch memories and manage other features that hearing aids couldn’t do until now. The Thrive app is easy to set up, use and navigate, and gives wearers access to features to help them hear and ...4.4.2 - StatKey: Percentile Method Book traversal links for 4.4 - Bootstrap Confidence Interval ‹ 4.3.2 - Example: Bootstrap Distribution for Difference in Mean ExerciseHow to create sampling distributions for both means and proportions in StatKey.The below pages include examples of using StatKey to construct sampling distributions for one mean both one proportion. 4.1.1.1 - NFL Salaries (One Mean) In this video a sampling distribution is constructed exploitation and "NFL Contractual (2015 in Millions)" dataset that is built into the random distribution for a mean feature in StatKey.Statistical Analysis. Use the many simulation-based and classical statistical analysis methods of inference in Rguroo to test hypotheses, construct confidence intervals, and build models with simple point-and-click.StatKey is used to construct a bootstrap distribution for the difference in two means. The "Exercise Hours (Male - Female)" dataset that is built in to StatK...Find the p-value. In StatKey, click on the correct tail (right or left), then click on the box along the x-axis. Enter in our original sample statistic (from part 2). What was the p-value? Interpret the p-value in context: If the groundhog is choosing randomly, the chance that he would correctly predict the end of winter 6 times out of 7 is _____.Joe Starkey. Joseph K. Starkey (born 1941) [1] [2] is an American sportscaster who has served as the radio play-by-play announcer of California Golden Bears football from 1975 to 2022. [1] He previously worked as the sports director of KGO radio in San Francisco, California and play-by-play announcer for the San Francisco 49ers for 20 seasons ...Hear and connect effortlessly with hands-free conversations. Evolv AI delivers 2-Way Audio in every wireless style. Now, you can take and end calls directly from your Evolv AI hearing aids instead of your Apple device. Plus, hearing aid microphones pick up and stream your voice directly back to iPhone and iPad,* allowing you to seamlessly talk ...This tutorial demonstrates how to carryout a randomization test for a difference in proportions in StatKey.Structured comparisons of many statistical methods. Bring structure into the chaos with our overview tables of statistical methods and their properties. Compare different methods with one another property by property and learn about their differences and similarities. Go to our comparison tool... Selection Tool.Technique 1: t Score to P Value Calculator. The first way to find a p-value from a t statistic is to use an online calculator like the T Score to P Value Calculator. We can simply enter the value for t and the degrees of freedom, then select "one-tailed", then click the "Calculate" button: The corresponding p-value is 0.08662.StatKey will bootstrap a confidence interval for a mean, median, standard deviation, proportion, different in two means, difference in two proportions, regression slope, and correlation (Pearson's r). Get your sample data into StatKey. There are some built-in datasets and you always have the ability to enter in your own data. This procedure ...Use StatKey or other technology to find a confidence interval at the given confidence level for the proportion of the population to agree, using percentiles from a bootstrap distribution. Statkey tip: Use "Cl for Single Proportion" and then "Edit Data" to enter the sample information. Find a 95% confidence interval if 35 agree in a random ...Find the multiplier for a 99% confidence interval for a mean using a t distribution with 37 degrees of freedom.Ringo Starr has plenty of love for his family. The former Beatle is the father of three adult kids — Zak, 58, Jason, 56, and Lee, 53 — whom he welcomed with his late ex-wife Maureen Cox. The ...Eric F. Lock is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Minnesota School of Public Health. He received his Ph.D in Statistics from the University of North Carolina in 2012, and spent two years doing a post doc in statistical genetics at Duke University. He taught multiple introductory statistics courses, ranging from very ...Starkey Hearing Technologies is an American privately owned company based in Eden Prairie, Minnesota that makes hearing aids, and is one of the largest hearing aid manufacturers in the world. As of 2019, the company had more than 5,000 employees in 24 facilities, serving more than 100 markets worldwide, and is the only American-owned global hearing aid manufacturer.Companion Materials for: First Edition (2013) Follow this link for more information at the Wiley site.. Second Edition (2017) Follow this link for more information at the Wiley site: Third Edition (2021) Follow this link for more information at the Wiley site... or contact Katherine Bates at Wiley.. Find an interactive unit from the text and more information about the approach at the Wiley ...6.6 - Confidence Intervals & Hypothesis Testing. Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests are similar in that they are both inferential methods that rely on an approximated sampling distribution. Confidence intervals use data from a sample to estimate a population parameter. Hypothesis tests use data from a sample to test a specified hypothesis.Microsoft Office 365. Office 365 is St. Cloud State's email and storage solution for all students and employees providing anytime, anywhere access to email, documents, contacts and calendar. This service provided by the Minnesota State system office, making it a seamless experience for students and faculty affiliated with multiple MinnState ...Determine what type of variable(s) you have and what parameters you want to estimate. StatKey will bootstrap a confidence interval for a mean, median, standard deviation, proportion, difference in two means, difference in two proportions, simple linear regression slope, and correlation (Pearson's r). Get your sample data into StatKey. Brief Introduction to StatKey, a free online statistical analysis tool along with a demonstration of how to get data into StatKey. Learn how to import data i... Proportion of lie detector trials in which the technology misses a lie, with n = 52 and p ^ = 0.448 Click here to access StatKey. Round your answer for the bootstrap SE to two decimal places, and your answer for the formula SE to three decimal places. Bootstrap SE = Formula SE =Here's how to find and upload a homework data file into StatKey.Documentation for StatKey datasets (and all datasets in Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data) can be found in DatasetGuide.pdf. StatKey is written in JavaScript and should work well with any current browser including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Internet Explorer 9. Comments, feedback, and bug reports can be sent to [email protected] 1: Check assumptions and write hypotheses. The assumption here is that the sampling distribution is approximately normal. From the given StatKey output, the randomization distribution is approximately normal. \ (H_0\colon p=0.50\) \ (H_a\colon p>0.50\) 2. Calculate the test statistic.Explain the general form of a confidence interval. Interpret a confidence interval. Explain the process of bootstrapping. Construct bootstrap confidence intervals using the standard …In parts (a) and (b), use StatKey or other technology to find the p-value. Click here to access StatKey. (a) p^1=2430=0.8 and p^2=1420=0.7 Round your answer to two decimal places.

4.1.1 - StatKey Instances. The process on constructing a sampling distributing from adenine known average is the same for everything types is parameters (i.e., one group proportion, one group mean, difference in two proportions, difference inbound two applies, simple straight regression incline, and correlation). .... Kiddle.co

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Established in 1996, the Journal of Statistical Software publishes articles on statistical software along with the source code of the software itself and replication code for all empirical results. Furthermore, shorter code snippets are published as well as book reviews and software reviews. All contents are freely available online under open ...Statistics and Probability questions and answers. Use StatKey or other technology to find the correlation for the following data. X Y 4 2 5 3 1 2.5 8 5 9 3.5 Click here to access Statkey. Round your answer to three decimal places. The correlation is r = the absolute tolerance is +/-0.001 Click if you would like to Show Work for this question ...StatKey offers two randomization methods when comparing the proportions of two independent groups: reallocation and resampling. In this course we will be using the default reallocation method. Reallocation This procedure is the same as the reallocate groups procedure for two group means. All cases are combined and then randomly assigned to ...Early years. The daughter of actress Glenn Close and businessman John Starke, she was raised in Bedford, New York. Starke attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, studying the history of art.. Career. Starke appeared in the films Albert Nobbs, We Don’t Belong Here, and in The Wife as a younger version of Joan Castleman, the character …StatKey v. 0.3.12 is written in JavaScript and should work well with any current browser including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, and IE. Comments, feedback, and bug reports can be sent to [email protected]. If the majority of all students own a dog, then more than 50% own a dog. In this question we are comparing the population proportion for all World Campus STAT 200 students (i.e. p) to the value of 0.5. This is a single sampling proportion test. We want to know if the proportion is greater than 0.5, so this is a right-tailed test. found StatKey (Lock 2014), a free Web-based app. Not only was StatKey useful for students' year-end projects, but also I have found it valuable for helping stu-dents learn fundamental content such as the central limit theorem. Using StatKey, students can engage in interactive, simulation-based meth-ods, creating a more authentic statisticsStatKey. By Lock family. The Lock’s are a statistical family. They developed the StatKey tool to accompany their texts. StatKey has a range of tools for most statistical test. These are accompanied by video tutorials and presentations by the Lock family. Datasets (US) are embedded or there are features to import your own. Keyword: …StatKey v. 3.0.4 is written in JavaScript and should work well with any current browser including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Edge. StatKey contains accessibility features, including screen reader support and keyboard navigation. Comments, feedback, accessibility issues, and bug reports can be sent ...StatKey Comparison of Means. This video describes how to use the StatKey online application to statistically analyze a difference between two sample means.3.4.3 - Simple Linear Regression. Regression uses one or more explanatory variables ( x) to predict one response variable ( y ). In this course, we will be learning specifically about simple linear regression. The "simple" part is that we will be using only one explanatory variable. If there are two or more explanatory variables, then multiple ...Jan 14, 2020 · Link to StatKey's interactive normal distribution: http://www.lock5stat.com/StatKey/theoretical_distribution/theoretical_distribution.html#normal StatKey. =======. Get the status of a git repo with a one key command: c d / m y g i t r e p o s. On branch master. Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'. nothing to commit, working directory clean. Or a mercurial repo, and it will show a diff for either type of repo if it is < 80 lines: c d / m y m e r c u r i a l r e p o s.Recorded with https://screencast-o-matic.comuse statekey (available free on the web) to calculate five-number summaryStatKey Randomization Test for a Slope, Correlation Show Data Table Edit Data Upload File Change Column(s) Reset Plot Randomization Dotplot of Null hypothesis: Original Sample. Randomization Sample ...Step 1. Let let P 1 denotes proportion of female rats showing Compassion. 3.97 Rats with Compassion The phrase "You dirty rat" does rats a disservice. In a recent study, 50 rats showed compassion that surprised scientists. Twenty-three of the 30 rats in the study freed another trapped rat in their cage, even when chocolate served as a ....

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